The presence of water resources, particularly rivers, significantly influences site selection. Throughout history, settling near rivers has brought numerous advantages, but it has also posed certain risks. This study focuses on the sub-basins southeast of the Caspian Sea. Initially, we explore the connection between the layout of ancient SETTLEMENTs and the drainage networks. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between flood risk and the SETTLEMENT PATTERNs of these ancient sites by estimating the flooding risk based on linear, areal, and relief aspects. This research marks the first time such an analysis has been conducted. The findings underscore the importance of proximity to rivers in site selection, with areas close to rivers with lower stream orders being the most favorable for SETTLEMENTs. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of sites near higher stream orders in relation to flooding risk. Conversely, there is an increase in the frequency and density of ancient sites near the first stream orders and at greater distances from the rivers, coinciding with an elevated flooding risk in the sub-basins. These results indicate that the inhabitants of the southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea sub-basins were cognizant of the flooding danger and factored it into their decision-making when selecting SETTLEMENT sites

The SETTLEMENT Archeology is a common method of analysis that uses scientific methods to study three important components, including individual structures, social SETTLEMENT, and regional SETTLEMENT. This method analyzes the relationship between environmental variables and livelihoods and social SETTLEMENT, reconstructs the socio-economic organizations of past societies, and determines the size, function, distance, and relationship of SETTLEMENTs. The present study has succeeded in identifying more than 80 texts in the form of dissertations, thesis, and scientificresearch and extension scientific articles that have directly and indirectly addressed this issue. Less attention to the basic issues and methods of the SETTLEMENT archeology, and no use of paleontological research to identify environmental variables in the context of the ancient landscape, are the most important methodological and conceptual problems of the texts. To these problems must be added the poor utilization of scientific tools and methods such as Satellite and Aerial Photography, Archaeogeophysics, Virtual Reality, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Statistical Methods. Providing desirable research credits and playing the role of related institutes and universities are among the most important strategies for the correct and scientific implementation of this method.

Environmental factors play a decisive role in all aspects of human life. Obviously, this effect in ancient times has been caused because of the lack of advanced technologies, using environmental resources and control environmental impacts, since, most of the communities to find suitable living conditions, were constantly being migrating. Factors such as keep off and proximity to water resources, vegetation, climate, slope, and etc. had been integral role in the choice of lives’ location of the ancient people. The difference in the degree of importance of each factor can be due to intensity of element and on the other hand, the particular type of food or the culture of the area. But, the awareness of this issue which: What factors have involved in the selection the location of sites in a region, isn’ t possible only with study of area, but these studies are required to investigate all sites of a specific geographic area. Furthermore, studying possibility of set of works (effects) as a whole unit is the reason for the spread of these studies. Songhor city with 2308 square kilometers and geographical coordinates 47˚ 31ˊ to 47˚ 55ˊ east of the meridian of 33˚ 37ˊ Greenwich 5/0˚ 34ˊ north of the equator in the eastern Kermanshah province, located at an altitude of 1700 meters above sea level. This plain is neighbor to Kurdistan province from the north and north-west, with Hamadan province from east and with Kangavar and Sahneh city from South. In 2004 and 2009 two seasons archaeological survey was conducted in the Songhor and Koliaie plain and the result identified and recorded 286 ancient site. Further studies and typology of pottery compared with data obtained from sites with absolute chronology, showed that of these, 54 site was in Sassanian pottery effects. In this study, the data obtained from archeological analysis of Sonqor province is analyzed and the relationship between Sassanid SETTLEMENTs and their natural environments were evaluated by Programs used in the science of Geography and Statistics. The method is firstly collect the city’ s geographical position information then combined with spatial data of Sassanian sites. Merge data of this study, geographic information systems (GIS) and other statistical programs such as Excel were applied. The result shows that a high percentage of the area affected by geographical factors have been created. Most of sites follow the same PATTERN and characteristics of the environment, such as elevation, slope degree, slope, proximity to water resources, land using and geomorphology, have the same conditions. It should be noted that the same environmental conditions, sites which have a tendency towards the West part of the plain, in these circumstances, it is likely that the trend toward urban areas closest Dinawar (located in the northwest of the Sahneh plain), which are is improbable; But the proof of this issue need to more research in a larger area. The importance of this study is not purely Identifying of natural factors affecting the formation Sassanid SETTLEMENTs of Sonqor plain. But this study can be used as a model for the future in Archaeological surveys, in the same spatial-temporal condition to reduce the time and cost. Also considering that the Sonqor and Koliaie plain on the border of between the provinces of Kurdistan, Hamedan and Kermanshah have increased the importance of the study.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

Khaveh plain in the township of Delfan is considered as one of the important plains in the Central Zagros Mountain situated in Eastern Pusht-i Kuh and located between Garin and Sefid-e Kooh Mountains. In general, 36 archeological sites have so far been identified in this plain: the oldest of which relates to aceramic Neolithic Age, and the newest one belongs to the Late-Islamic Age. Among them, 20 sites contain relics related to the Parthian Period. The noteworthy discussions in the present study are mainly based on the activities performed at this plain during 2009-2010 in order to register and determine the boarders of archeological sites, and those carried out in 2011 aiming to identify and analyze the SETTLEMENT PATTERNs of the Parthian reign in this region. General perception and understanding of the SETTLEMENT PATTERN in this region during the Parthian period is the results of this research, which represents demographic or SETTLEMENT dispersion changes compared with the previous eras. Also it became clear that most of the SETTLEMENTs in the region were small villages or temporary SETTLEMENTs and no evidence of urban centers was recognized. Finally, the present study deals with the investigation and interpretation of the SETTLEMENT PATTERNs of the Parthian period in this plain.

Despite the fact that Isfahan is one of the ancient and most famous cities of the central plateau of Iran, it has been neglected in terms of archaeological systematic studies. Consequently, the evidences of formation, development and continuation of this city arc very limited.In order to overcome this limitation, excavation of the Atiq square were carried out to obtain some archaeological evidences. By performing this scientific and systematic excavation, which was carried out in the center of the ancient PATTERN of Isfahan (i.e. eastern and southern areas of the Jami Mosque, which is one of the few Early-Islamic mosques in Iran, was constructed on the highest point compared to its surrounding areas (Probably on an ancient site) in Dialamid's era.This paper presents an archeological approach in identifying the chronology of the central areas of this ancient city.

The social ecology of the city portrays the social and economic practices of the city and emphasizes the identity of the social environment of the city and seeks so that all citizens can achieve a proper life. Socio-spatial segregation is one of the most important current issues in cities and one of the causes for this phenomenon is the presence of immigrants in cities who choose certain places in the city for their residence according to their circumstances. Separation of the migrant population in the form of spatial, spotty and point PATTERNs in certain parts of the city and especially informal SETTLEMENTs has been formed and spread. Rasht city is the largest and most important city in the northern region of Iran, and is an immigrant city that its population has increased 6. 2 times during the years 1956 to 2016 from 109491 to 679995 people, under the influence of intra-provincial and extra-provincial migrations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the SETTLEMENT PATTERN of the immigrant population with a social ecology approach in Rasht, which was applied and descriptive-analytical study in terms of purpose and also methodology and nature, respectively. The population of the study was the technical experts of the municipalities of the five districts of Rasht city, which the required data and information have been collected along with documentary studies using the design and completion of 38 questionnaires by Delphi method. Findings and results showed that the SETTLEMENT PATTERN of the immigrant population has been spatial, spotty and point which this PATTERN was reversed in neighborhoods with a high proportion of immigrant populations, such as some neighborhoods in districts four and five. Planning through the preparation of immediate lands of Rasht city in accordance with comprehensive and detailed plans as well as structural-strategic plans will help the physical-spatial development and especially socio-cultural development of the PATTERN of spatial, spotty and point SETTLEMENT of immigrants.

Romeshgan is a newly established city in the southwestern part of Lorestan province. In the author's archeological study in 2016, 79 sites related to the historical period were identified in Romeshgan, a large number of which were introduced for the first time. The present study, which is based on field study, library studies and preparation and interpretation of GIS maps of the study area, examines the PATTERN of establishment of historical sites in the Romeshgan area based on characteristics such as height, slope, access to resources. Deals with water, soil type, topography, access roads, etc. The fundamental question of this study is how important and determining environmental factors have played a role in the formation and distribution of Romanesque historical sites and the main purpose of this study is to obtain an appropriate answer to this question through analysis and Summary of collected data. For this purpose, maps have been prepared based on the available information. The result of this study shows that the Romeshgan area is divided into three parts in terms of geographical features: northern plain, central heights and southern strip. Areas of the northern slope of Romeshgan plain are in the majority in terms of number and according to determining factors such as soil type, altitude, slope, land use and other influential factors, the areas of this section are most likely monogamous. There has been more emphasis on rainfed agriculture. In the central highlands, there are only a small number of sites or historical monuments with special uses such as defensive forts, which are fully compatible with the environmental and geographical features of this section. In the southern part, a number of historical sites have been identified, which due to the rangeland of the region and the lack of suitable soil for agriculture, it can be assumed that these areas were herding and livestock SETTLEMENTs.

AbstractClearing houses are considered a key element of capital markets and one of the most important risks associated with clearing houses is the risk of brokers defaulting on clearing transactions. Therefore, this study with the aim of identifying the factors affecting this risk tries to provide a model to identify and prioritize these factors. For this purpose, after studying the available resources, using interviews with experts and analyzing its content, the relevant conceptual model was prepared and then the model was validated by collecting the opinions of experts through a questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis. These factors were also prioritized based on Friedman test. Thus, based on the analysis, the factors affecting brokers' SETTLEMENT risk are divided into four dimensions: broker performance (the most important dimension), interactions and contracts between brokers and banks, customer performance, and infrastructure and market variables, which include a total of 10 components. Issues related to the weakness of the legal infrastructure are the most important of these components.Keywords: SETTLEMENT Risk, Clearing House, Exchange Brokers.